Table of Contents
Key Points About Kratom Addiction and Treatment
- Kratom contains active alkaloids, particularly mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, that interact with opioid receptors while also producing other effects in the brain and body.
- Regular kratom use can result in tolerance, physical dependence, cravings, withdrawal symptoms, and a pattern researchers commonly describe as kratom use disorder.
- Traditional kratom leaf, concentrated extracts, and enhanced 7-OH products are not interchangeable. Product strength and composition can substantially change the risks and withdrawal experience.
- There is currently no FDA-approved medication specifically for kratom use disorder. Treatment should therefore be individualized according to withdrawal severity, the products being used, other substance use, mental health needs, and whether opioid use disorder is also present.
- How Brooks helps: Brooks provides assessment, supervised detoxification, residential treatment, therapy, relapse-prevention support, co-occurring mental health care when appropriate, MAT assessment, and continued recovery planning for people struggling with kratom and 7-OH dependence.
Kratom dependence can be difficult to recognize because products sold under the kratom name vary considerably. Someone may begin with traditional kratom powder or capsules and later progress to concentrated extracts, liquid shots, enhanced products, or high-potency 7-hydroxymitragynine (7-OH). Although these products are often marketed differently, regular use can lead to tolerance, physical dependence, withdrawal symptoms, cravings, and patterns of use that become increasingly difficult to control.
Brooks Healing Center provides kratom addiction treatment in Tennessee for adults struggling with traditional kratom, kratom extracts, 7-OH products, and related substance use. Located in Normandy, Tennessee, between Nashville and Chattanooga, our continuum of care includes medically supported detox, residential addiction treatment, evidence-based therapy, medication-assisted treatment assessment when clinically appropriate, and step-down care through our partial hospitalization program.
If you are using kratom or 7-OH every day, taking it primarily to prevent withdrawal, repeatedly trying and failing to stop, or becoming concerned about how much you need to feel normal, you do not have to determine the appropriate level of care on your own. Our admissions team can help you understand your options.
Call Brooks Healing Center at 931-486-8824 to speak with admissions.
Kratom Is Now Illegal in Tennessee
As of July 1, 2026, Tennessee prohibits the possession, manufacture, and sale of kratom, including products manufactured from the kratom plant. Brooks maintains a more detailed guide to kratom and 7-OH laws by state as state regulations continue to change.
The change is particularly important for people who had already developed physical dependence before the law took effect.
A change in legal availability does not immediately eliminate dependence. Someone who has been using kratom, extracts, or 7-OH regularly may still experience withdrawal, cravings, anxiety, sleep disruption, gastrointestinal symptoms, muscle discomfort, or an urge to substitute another substance when access suddenly changes.
Federal regulation of concentrated 7-OH and newer synthetic or semi-synthetic derivatives is developing separately from Tennessee’s kratom law. Brooks also covers the DEA’s actions involving 7-OH and related substances for people trying to understand how these rapidly changing rules affect concentrated products.
If you have been relying on kratom to manage pain, anxiety, opioid withdrawal, stress, energy, sleep, or another problem, professional assessment can help address both the physical dependence and the reason the use developed in the first place.
What Is Kratom?
Kratom is the common name for Mitragyna speciosa, a tree native to Southeast Asia. Its leaves contain dozens of naturally occurring compounds known as alkaloids. The two receiving the most research attention are mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine.
Kratom’s effects are complex. People commonly report stimulant-like effects such as increased energy and alertness as well as opioid- or sedative-like effects such as relaxation and pain relief. Researchers caution that these effects cannot simply be predicted according to a particular dose because kratom products differ substantially in composition and potency.
People report using kratom for several reasons, including pain, fatigue, anxiety, depression, opioid cravings, and opioid withdrawal. However, kratom has not been approved by the FDA to treat pain, opioid withdrawal, opioid use disorder, anxiety, depression, or any other medical condition.
Kratom is also sometimes discussed alongside another plant-based substance, kava, even though the two work differently. Brooks’ guide to kava vs. kratom explains the differences in their effects, mechanisms, dependence potential, and safety considerations.
For some individuals, what starts as occasional or self-directed use progresses into frequent dosing simply to avoid feeling sick.
Kratom vs. Extracts vs. 7-OH Products
One of the most important changes in the kratom market is that the word “kratom” no longer necessarily describes the same type of product.
Traditional whole-leaf kratom contains many naturally occurring alkaloids with relatively small amounts of 7-OH. Concentrated kratom extracts can substantially increase exposure to mitragynine or other alkaloids. High-potency 7-OH products go further by delivering enhanced concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine in tablets, gummies, shots, drink mixes, and other formulations.
Newer compounds related to kratom chemistry have also entered the market, making it increasingly important for patients to tell their treatment team the exact product, formulation, frequency, and amount they have been using.
Kratom, 7-OH and Related Products: What's the Difference?
| Kratom-Related Product | What It Is | Dependence & Treatment Considerations | Current Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Kratom | Whole-leaf Mitragyna speciosa containing naturally occurring mitragynine and relatively small amounts of 7-OH | Regular use can lead to tolerance, physical dependence, cravings, withdrawal symptoms, and kratom use disorder in some people | Not federally scheduled as botanical kratom; Tennessee prohibits possession, manufacture, and sale |
| Kratom Extracts | Concentrated formulations that may contain substantially higher amounts of kratom alkaloids than traditional leaf | Higher-potency products can increase exposure and may contribute to escalating tolerance, more frequent dosing, dependence, and withdrawal | Federal status can depend on product composition; Tennessee’s kratom prohibition applies |
| 7-Hydroxymitragynine (7-OH) | An opioid-active alkaloid naturally associated with kratom but increasingly sold in concentrated or enhanced products | High-potency 7-OH can produce significant dependence and opioid-like withdrawal. Learn more about 7-OH withdrawal symptoms and treatment | Concentrated 7-OH has become a focus of federal regulatory action and is treated differently from ordinary botanical kratom |
| Mitragynine Pseudoindoxyl | A potent opioid-active compound related to mitragynine and 7-OH chemistry | Dependence and withdrawal may differ from traditional kratom use. Brooks explains the differences between mitragynine pseudoindoxyl and 7-OH | Temporarily placed in Schedule I federally beginning August 26, 2026 |
| MGM-15 | A newer opioid-active compound chemically related to 7-OH | Human safety data remain limited, while opioid-receptor activity raises concerns about tolerance, dependence, withdrawal, and overdose risk. Read more about MGM-15 | Temporarily placed in Schedule I federally beginning August 26, 2026 |
| MGM-16 | A newer compound related to MGM-15 with limited human safety data | Its effects and risks are still being studied. Brooks compares MGM-15 and MGM-16 in greater detail | Temporarily placed in Schedule I federally beginning August 26, 2026 |
The key clinical point is that these products should not automatically be treated as interchangeable. Someone taking traditional kratom powder once or twice per day may have a substantially different exposure and withdrawal profile from someone repeatedly using concentrated 7-OH tablets, extracts, pseudoindoxyl, or other high-potency products.
The Kratom Market Is Changing Quickly
The modern kratom market extends far beyond dried leaves, capsules, and powder.
Consumers can now encounter concentrated 7-OH tablets, enhanced extracts, vape-style products, and substances chemically related to kratom alkaloids that may have significantly different effects. Brooks has been tracking these substances because people entering treatment may describe everything as “kratom” even when the products they have actually been taking are substantially different.
Delivery methods are changing as well. Products marketed as 7-OH vapes illustrate how substances associated with the kratom market are moving into formats that look increasingly different from traditional kratom.
Even the name printed on the package may not always make the contents clear. Brooks recently examined products marketed as Cat’s Claw that may contain 7-OH-related opioid compounds, including products associated with MGM-15 and mitragynine pseudoindoxyl.
This rapidly changing marketplace is one reason treatment should begin with a detailed substance-use assessment rather than assuming everyone reporting “kratom addiction” has been exposed to the same substance at the same potency.
Is Kratom Addictive?
Kratom can produce physical dependence and symptoms associated with substance use disorder in some people.
Researchers increasingly use the term kratom use disorder (KUD) to describe clinically significant patterns of kratom use. The DSM-5 does not contain a kratom-specific diagnosis, so clinicians and researchers generally evaluate problematic kratom use using the broader framework applied to substance use disorders.
Research suggests that common features among people meeting criteria for kratom use disorder include tolerance, withdrawal, cravings, using more kratom than intended, and difficulty reducing or stopping use.
Physical dependence alone is not identical to addiction. The more important question is how the substance is affecting the person’s health, behavior, relationships, responsibilities, and ability to control their use.
Signs Kratom Use May Have Become a Problem
Possible warning signs include:
- Needing kratom, extract, or 7-OH every day to feel normal
- Taking increasingly large or frequent doses
- Waking during the night or early morning because withdrawal begins
- Experiencing cravings or anxiety when a product is unavailable
- Repeatedly trying to cut back without succeeding
- Taking kratom primarily to stop withdrawal symptoms
- Spending increasing amounts of money on extracts, shots, tablets, or 7-OH
- Hiding the amount or frequency of use from family members
- Continuing use despite physical, emotional, financial, occupational, or relationship problems
- Switching to increasingly concentrated products because traditional kratom no longer produces the desired effect
- Returning to kratom after previous attempts to stop
- Combining kratom or 7-OH with opioids, alcohol, benzodiazepines, or other substances
You do not need to experience every sign on this list before asking for help.
Kratom Withdrawal Symptoms
Withdrawal can occur after regular kratom use, particularly when someone has developed physical dependence. Research indicates that both the likelihood and severity of withdrawal are influenced by factors such as frequency of dosing, length of use, product potency, total exposure, and other substances being used.
Commonly reported kratom withdrawal symptoms include:
- Strong cravings
- Anxiety
- Irritability or agitation
- Difficulty sleeping
- Restlessness or restless legs
- Low energy and fatigue
- Depressed or low mood
- Muscle aches, twitching, or spasms
- Sweating or hot and cold flashes
- Runny nose or watery eyes
- Decreased appetite
- Abdominal discomfort
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
Kratom withdrawal is often described as having some similarities to opioid withdrawal, but there is substantial variation between people and products.
High-concentration 7-OH can create a particularly opioid-like pattern of dependence. Brooks’ complete guide to 7-OH withdrawal symptoms, duration, and treatment explains how withdrawal from these newer products may differ from experiences reported with traditional kratom.
The rapidly changing market for highly concentrated extracts and enhanced 7-OH also means that older research involving traditional kratom may not fully describe what someone using newer products will experience.
How Long Does Kratom Withdrawal Last?
There is no single kratom withdrawal timeline that applies to everyone.
Published reports have described withdrawal symptoms appearing within roughly the first day or two after stopping regular use. For many people studied using traditional kratom, the most noticeable physical symptoms improved over several days. Other individuals have reported longer periods of sleep disruption, mood changes, cravings, or other symptoms.
Frequency of use appears to be particularly important. Someone taking a high-potency extract or 7-OH product repeatedly throughout the day may not have the same withdrawal experience as someone using traditional leaf once per day.
Physical withdrawal also is not always the end of the recovery process. Mood changes, difficulty sleeping, cravings, cognitive symptoms, reduced motivation, and sensitivity to stress can sometimes continue or recur after the acute withdrawal period. These longer-lasting symptoms are often discussed under the broader concept of post-acute withdrawal syndrome, or PAWS.
Because of these differences, Brooks evaluates the person rather than relying on a predetermined kratom detox timeline.
Can You Detox From Kratom at Home?
Some people experience relatively mild symptoms after stopping kratom, while others have difficulty completing withdrawal without returning to use. It can be especially difficult to predict withdrawal when concentrated extracts, enhanced 7-OH, opioids, alcohol, benzodiazepines, or multiple substances are involved.
A professional assessment can help determine whether medical detox is appropriate based on the person’s substance use history, medical health, mental health, withdrawal history, medications, and current symptoms.
Trying to manage withdrawal alone can also create another risk: substituting one substance for another simply to feel better. For someone with a previous opioid use disorder, unmanaged withdrawal and intense cravings may be particularly concerning.
Kratom Detox at Brooks Healing Center
Medical detox provides a supervised environment where symptoms can be assessed as the body adjusts to stopping kratom, 7-OH, or other substances.
At Brooks Healing Center, detox begins with an individualized assessment. The treatment team considers what products have been used, how frequently they have been taken, how long the pattern has continued, whether other substances are involved, previous withdrawal experiences, medical history, and co-occurring mental health symptoms.
Detox is not the entire treatment process. It is intended to help someone become medically and emotionally stable enough to begin addressing the behavioral and psychological components of substance use.
For individuals whose kratom dependence has become part of a larger substance-use pattern, continuing into structured addiction treatment after detox can reduce the likelihood of immediately returning to the same cycle.
Learn more about medical detox at Brooks Healing Center.
Residential Kratom Addiction Treatment
After detox, some patients benefit from residential addiction treatment on Brooks Healing Center’s 36-acre Tennessee campus.
Residential treatment provides separation from the routines, environments, access points, and triggers associated with regular substance use. Instead of focusing only on getting through withdrawal, patients can begin identifying what was driving the continued use.
For one person, kratom may have become a way to cope with chronic stress. Another may have started taking it for pain. Someone else may have used kratom in an attempt to stop opioids and eventually developed dependence on kratom itself. High-potency 7-OH products may have entered the picture later as tolerance increased.
Those differences matter because effective addiction treatment must address more than the substance itself.
Therapy for Kratom Use Disorder
Brooks uses individualized treatment planning rather than a single therapy for every patient. Depending on clinical needs, care may incorporate approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy, trauma-informed therapy, experiential therapy, individual counseling, group therapy, peer recovery support, and relapse-prevention work.
Treatment can explore the connection between kratom use and anxiety, depression, trauma, chronic stress, pain, sleep problems, previous opioid use, relationship difficulties, or other factors that contributed to continued use.
The objective is not simply to tell someone to stop using kratom. Treatment helps patients develop ways of responding to cravings, stress, emotional discomfort, and triggers without returning to the substance that had become their primary coping mechanism.
Medication-Assisted Treatment and Kratom Addiction
There is currently no medication approved by the FDA specifically for kratom use disorder or kratom withdrawal.
This distinction is important. Although kratom and 7-OH interact with opioid receptors, kratom use disorder should not automatically be treated as identical to opioid use disorder.
Published case reports and clinical literature describe the use of medications such as buprenorphine in some patients with significant kratom dependence. However, controlled evidence for medication treatment of isolated kratom use disorder remains limited.
The situation is different when someone also meets criteria for opioid use disorder. FDA-approved medications for opioid use disorder have extensive evidence supporting their use, and treating the underlying opioid use disorder remains important even when kratom or 7-OH is also involved.
Medication timing can also matter when opioid-receptor-active substances are involved. Brooks’ resource on precipitated withdrawal and buprenorphine induction explains why medical supervision matters when medications such as buprenorphine are being considered.
Brooks Healing Center offers medication-assisted treatment assessment when clinically appropriate. Medication decisions are made individually by the treatment team rather than automatically based on someone reporting kratom use.
Treating 7-OH Dependence
High-potency 7-OH has changed the kratom treatment landscape.
7-hydroxymitragynine occurs naturally in kratom in relatively small amounts, but enhanced commercial 7-OH products can contain concentrations substantially different from traditional kratom leaf. The FDA has warned consumers about these products because of their opioid-like effects and potential for serious harm.
Federal action in 2026 also targeted high-concentration 7-OH-related substances and newer compounds in the same emerging market.
For treatment purposes, Brooks evaluates exactly what a person is using rather than assuming a product sold as “kratom” is traditional leaf. This can be particularly important when someone reports rapid tolerance, severe cravings, repeated dosing throughout the day, significant withdrawal, or a recent shift from powder or capsules to tablets, extracts, shots, or other concentrated products.
Can Kratom or 7-OH Cause an Overdose?
Kratom’s safety profile is complicated by product differences and polysubstance use.
NIDA reports that fatal overdoses involving kratom alone appear to be rare, but serious adverse effects have been reported. These can include neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and liver-related complications.
Risk can change substantially when kratom or 7-OH is combined with other substances. Alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids, sedatives, stimulants, and unknown ingredients can produce effects that are difficult to predict from any one drug alone. Brooks’ guide to combined drug intoxication and polysubstance use explains why mixing substances can increase medical and overdose risks.
The FDA has separately warned that enhanced 7-OH products can cause serious harm.
If someone is unconscious, cannot be awakened, is experiencing slowed or abnormal breathing, has a seizure, or appears to be experiencing an overdose or other medical emergency, call 911 immediately.
Treatment for Kratom and Other Substance Use
Kratom use does not always happen in isolation.
Some people begin using kratom after previous opioid use. Others combine kratom or 7-OH with prescription opioids, fentanyl, benzodiazepines, alcohol, stimulants, marijuana, or other substances. Treatment planning therefore needs to look beyond the product that brought someone into treatment.
Brooks Healing Center treats substance use involving kratom and 7-OH as well as opioid addiction, fentanyl addiction, heroin addiction, alcohol use disorder, benzodiazepine addiction, stimulant addiction, and polysubstance use.
When anxiety, depression, trauma-related symptoms, PTSD, mood symptoms, sleep disruption, grief, or other mental health concerns are also present, integrated treatment can address those symptoms when they can be safely managed within Brooks’ addiction-treatment setting.
Continuing Care After Residential Treatment
Recovery does not end when withdrawal resolves or residential treatment is completed.
Depending on individual needs, patients may transition into Brooks’ partial hospitalization program and supportive housing while continuing structured clinical care. Recovery planning may also include ongoing therapy, peer support, medication follow-up when appropriate, relapse-prevention planning, family support, and connections to community recovery resources.
The appropriate next step depends on progress during treatment, clinical needs, living environment, available support, and relapse risk.
Why Choose Brooks for Kratom Rehab in Tennessee?
Brooks Healing Center is located at 1100 Cortner Road in Normandy, Tennessee, on a 36-acre campus between Nashville and Chattanooga.
Brooks is accredited by The Joint Commission and licensed by the Tennessee Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services. The Normandy campus includes state-licensed residential detoxification and residential rehabilitation services, allowing patients who need a higher level of care to receive detox and continued residential addiction treatment within the Brooks continuum.
Treatment is individualized around the person rather than a single substance. That is particularly important with kratom because two people saying they are “addicted to kratom” may actually be using dramatically different products and may have entirely different substance-use histories, withdrawal risks, mental health needs, and recovery goals.
Brooks also works with many commercial insurance plans. Patients and families can verify insurance benefits before admission.
Frequently Asked Questions About Kratom Addiction Treatment
Is kratom addictive?
Kratom can cause physical dependence, withdrawal, tolerance, cravings, and patterns of compulsive use in some people. Researchers increasingly use the term kratom use disorder to describe clinically significant problems related to kratom use.
Dependence may become especially significant when someone moves from traditional leaf products to concentrated 7-OH or other enhanced products. Brooks’ guide to 7-OH withdrawal explains how concentrated products may create a different dependence and withdrawal experience.
Is kratom an opioid?
Kratom is a botanical substance rather than a traditional opioid drug. However, important kratom alkaloids including mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine interact with mu-opioid receptors. This helps explain why some effects, dependence patterns, and withdrawal symptoms can resemble those associated with opioids.
The distinction becomes more complicated with newer kratom-derived compounds. Brooks’ comparison of mitragynine pseudoindoxyl vs. 7-OH explains how these compounds differ from traditional kratom and from one another.
Is kratom legal in Tennessee?
No. Tennessee expanded its kratom prohibition in 2026. As of July 1, 2026, possession, manufacture, and sale of kratom are prohibited in Tennessee.
Because regulations vary substantially from one jurisdiction to another, Brooks maintains an updated guide covering kratom and 7-OH bans by state.
Federal regulation is evolving separately. Brooks also explains the DEA’s 2026 actions involving 7-OH and related compounds.
What is 7-OH?
7-OH is short for 7-hydroxymitragynine, one of the active alkaloids associated with kratom. Traditional kratom contains relatively small amounts, while newer commercial products may contain enhanced or concentrated 7-OH.
These products can appear in tablets, gummies, shots, drinks, and other formulations. They may also appear in newer formats such as products marketed for inhalation. Learn more about 7-OH vape products and how they differ from traditional kratom.
Are Cat's Claw products the same as kratom or 7-OH?
Not necessarily.
Cat’s claw is a separate botanical, but recent testing and poison-control reports have raised concerns about products marketed under Cat’s Claw branding that may contain powerful kratom- or 7-OH-related opioid compounds instead.
Brooks’ investigation into Cat’s Claw products marketed alongside 7-OH explains findings involving MGM-15, mitragynine pseudoindoxyl, and other compounds that consumers may not expect based on product labeling.
What are MGM-15 and MGM-16?
MGM-15 and MGM-16 are newer compounds related to 7-OH chemistry and should not be confused with ordinary kratom leaf.
Human safety data remain limited, while their opioid-receptor activity raises concerns about tolerance, dependence, withdrawal, and other potential harms. Brooks has a detailed comparison of MGM-15 vs. MGM-16 as well as a separate guide explaining what MGM-15 is and why it matters.
How long does kratom withdrawal last?
The timeline varies. Published research has described symptoms developing within the first day or two for some regular users and improving over several days for many people, although cravings, sleep disruption, mood symptoms, and other effects can last longer.
Product potency, dosing frequency, duration of use, and other substance use can all influence withdrawal. People experiencing lingering symptoms after acute withdrawal can also read Brooks’ guide to post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS).
Is 7-OH withdrawal different from kratom withdrawal?
It can be.
Concentrated 7-OH products deliver a substantially different exposure than traditional kratom leaf. People using high-potency 7-OH frequently may report a more opioid-like pattern of physical dependence and withdrawal.
Brooks covers the symptoms, expected course, treatment considerations, and common misconceptions in our complete guide to 7-OH withdrawal.
Can I detox from kratom at home?
Some people experience relatively mild withdrawal, while others have more significant symptoms or repeatedly return to use while attempting to stop.
High-potency extracts, 7-OH, polysubstance use, underlying medical or mental health problems, and a history of opioid addiction can make professional assessment especially important.
If you are unsure what level of care is appropriate, Brooks can evaluate whether medical detox is recommended.
Does Suboxone treat kratom addiction?
Buprenorphine-containing medications such as Suboxone are not FDA-approved specifically for kratom use disorder. Published case reports describe their use in some patients, but evidence for isolated kratom use disorder remains limited.
When opioid use disorder is also present, FDA-approved medications for opioid use disorder may be clinically appropriate.
Timing and clinical assessment are important when medications such as buprenorphine are introduced around substances affecting opioid receptors. Brooks’ resource on precipitated withdrawal explains why buprenorphine induction should be managed appropriately rather than based on generalized online instructions.
Can kratom be dangerous when mixed with other drugs?
Yes. Risk can increase when kratom or 7-OH is combined with alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines, sedatives, stimulants, prescription medications, or unknown substances.
Using several substances together can produce effects that are different from using either drug alone. Read more about combined drug intoxication and why polysubstance use can increase overdose and medical risks.
Does Brooks Healing Center treat 7-OH dependence?
Yes. Brooks evaluates and treats substance-use problems involving traditional kratom, concentrated kratom extracts, enhanced 7-OH products, and related patterns of substance use.
Brooks has also developed educational resources around emerging products because treatment increasingly involves substances beyond traditional kratom, including MGM-15, MGM-16, and mitragynine pseudoindoxyl.
Treatment recommendations are based on the person’s symptoms, product use, withdrawal risk, other substance use, medical needs, and overall clinical picture.
Does insurance cover kratom addiction treatment?
Coverage depends on the insurance plan, medical necessity, level of care, and individual benefits. Brooks’ admissions team can verify your insurance benefits and explain available options before treatment.
Get Help for Kratom or 7-OH Addiction in Tennessee
Kratom dependence does not have to look exactly like another person’s addiction before it deserves attention. If you are taking kratom, extracts, or 7-OH simply to avoid withdrawal, have been unable to stop despite trying, or have watched the amount and frequency of your use continue to increase, an assessment can help determine what level of support makes sense.
Brooks Healing Center provides kratom addiction treatment in Tennessee through medically supported detox, residential care, evidence-based therapy, MAT assessment when appropriate, partial hospitalization, supportive housing, and continuing recovery planning.
Call Brooks Healing Center at 931-486-8824 to speak confidentially with admissions or verify your insurance benefits today.
Sources
National Institute on Drug Abuse. Kratom. National Institutes of Health.
https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/kratom
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Products Containing 7-OH Can Cause Serious Harm.
https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/products-containing-7-oh-can-cause-serious-harm
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Hiding in Plain Sight: 7-OH Products.
https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/hiding-plain-sight-7-oh-products
Tennessee Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services. Emerging Substances: Kratom.
https://www.tn.gov/behavioral-health/substance-abuse-services/prevention/emerging-substances.html
Smith, K. E., Epstein, D. H., & Weiss, S. T. (2024). Controversies in assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of kratom use disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 26, 487–496.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11344726/
Stanciu, C. N., Gnanasegaram, S. A., Ahmed, S., & Penders, T. (2019). Kratom withdrawal: A systematic review with case series. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(1), 12–18.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30614408/